About–

Tirana Art Lab – Center for Contemporary Art is one of Albania’s leading contemporary independent art institution. Founded as a non-profit organization, on the initiative of Adela Demetja in 2010, TAL aims at promoting emerging and established artists and contemporary art from Albania as well as from Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe. The center is process and research oriented. Through different formats like, residencies, exhibitions, workshops, performances, lectures and talks, as well as research and publications, TAL has managed to create a space for emergent critical and reflective thoughts. The center initiates and supports new productions by national and international artists, and projects critically engaged with artistic, cultural and social issues of transitional and contemporary societies. From 2014-2018 TAL operated from an independent multifunctional space located in the centre of Tirana. Its unique laboratory consisted of an exhibition space, a space for artists in residence and an open public library of contemporary art books. Since 2018 TAL has been putting an emphasis on projects rooted in research and archiving, in relation to art in publics space (Tirana Floating Archive & Tirana Floating Tours) and highlighting the practices of women artists (Secondary Archive). In 2023 TAL initiated "Curating with Care" the first alternative educational program in curating in collaboration with Istituto Italiano di Cultura a Tirana. At the moment TAL does not have a physical location but collaborates with local partners for its projects.

From 2014 TAL has refined its holistic conceptual, operational and managerial practice based on the concept of rhizome. The concept consists in three practical strings: inside-outside, bottom-up and polyphony. It is deeply rooted, both in the Albanian cultural context and new experimental methodologies in terms of research, production and management. In this manner TAL tries to resist politicization, polarization and neo-colonial practices which pervade contemporary local and/or global cultural scene.

Throughout the years, TAL has grown into a contemporary art centre, engaged in a wide range of activities and collaborations with other art institutions, museums, and academic structures in Albania, the South Eastern Europe Region and the international landscape. Through one of the members TAL was the the first Albanian institution to have collaborated with Institut national d’histoire de l’art – Paris, France. Thanks to the expertise and capacities of its members TAL was the first art and cultural organization in Albania supported, in the framework of an international partnership project between 2015-2017 (Heroes We Love ), by the Creative Europe Programme. Also as leading partner TAL was supported in 2016 by Allianz Kulturestiftung. Between 2019-2023 TAL was part of the large scale international collaboration project Beyond Matter EU in partnership with ZKM | Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe, Centre Pompidou, Ludwig Múzeum – Kortárs Művészeti Múzeum, Tallinn Art Hall, Aalto University, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL (associated partner). Co-founded by the Creative Europe Program of the European Union. These supports followed the continuous collaboration, in all these years, with other foreign institutions and supporters, such as Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Museum of Yugoslav History Belgrade, UGM | Maribor Art Gallery, Institut für Ausladsbeziehungen, Alliance Francaise, Istituto Italiano di Cultura, Robert Bosch Foundation, Pro Helvetia, European Cultural Foundation, Goethe Zentrum Tirana, Swiss Cultural Fund Albania and a large number of embassies in Albania. TAL has been supported also by the Albanian Ministry of Culture, Municipality of Tirana, Albanian National Historical Museum and other public/private national institutions. TAL has collaborated with local partners including Tulla Cultural Center, Bulevard Art and Media Institute, Galeria e Bregdetit Vlorë, Bazament Art Space.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR / RESINA MEÇANI

Resina Meçani (b. 1999) is a curator and culture manager based in Tirana with an artistic background. She graduated from the University of Arts in Tirana, majoring in Scenography–Costume Design, and attended the alternative educational program Curating with Care, initiated by Tirana Art Lab – Center for Contemporary Art in collaboration with the Italian Culture Institute in Tirana. In 2023, she co-founded Satellite Zone, a platform dedicated to supporting and promoting young and emerging artists. She has also worked at the National Gallery of Arts and Tirana Ekspres.
From May 2024 to May 2025, she served as the Executive Director of Debussy Fine Art Gallery, where she contributed in the open of the gallery and the development of exhibitions and international collaborations. Meçani has also participated in international programs, including a residency at EULENGASSE (Frankfurt, 2023) and the Supermarket Art Fair (Stockholm, 2023 & 2024). Both her curatorial and artistic practices reflect a strong commitment to collaboration, experimentation, and challenging the boundaries between artist, curator, and audience.

ASSOCIATE CURATOR DEJVI DAUTI
Is a researcher, curator, and the founder of ORK, a workspace dedicated to young practices focused on reuse and material transformation. He holds a degree in Architecture from IUAV University in Venice and is currently a PhD researcher at Polis University in Tirana. In 2025, he participated in Curating with Care II, an alternative educational program by Tirana Art Lab, where he is now associate curator. In 2023, he completed Çamëria – Tools of Mental Images, exploring memory and archives. In 2024, he was awarded an Italian–Albanian PhD fellowship in Architecture and Urban Planning. His practice spans architecture, research, editorial, and curatorial work.

ASSISTENT CURATOR ERIDA BENDO
Erida Bendo born in 1996 in Kolonjë, Albania, is an architect and computational designer. Always curious about the multi-dimensional aspects of the built environment, from interior spaces to cities, her interests lie in understanding natural phenomena, as the driving force in her explorations of generative design and rule based systems. Erida holds a Masters in Architecture from the Polytechnical University of Tirana and a postgraduate master in advanced computation for architecture and design from the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia.

FORMER FOUNDING DIRECTOR 2010–2025 / ADELA DEMETJA
Adela Demetja is a curator born in Tirana, Albania living in Tiran and Frankfurt am Main. She holds a master in "Curatorial and Critical Studies" of Städelschule and Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main. Demetja studied from 2002 to 2006 at Academy of Art in Tirana. She is the director of Tirana Art Lab – Center for Contemporary Art, which she established in 2010. As an independent curator she has curated numerous international exhibitions and collaborated among others with institutions like National Gallery of Arts Tirana, National Art Gallery of Kosovo, Maxim Gorki Theatre Berlin, Portland Institute for Contemporary Art USA, Project Biennale D-0 Ark Underground Konjic, Action Field Kodra Thessaloniki, Lothringer 13 Kunsthalle Munich, Villa Romana Florence, Haus am Lützowplatz Berlin. She curated the Albanian Pavilion at 59th Venice Biennale represented by Lumturi Blloshmi.

SUPPORTIVE STAFF
VJOLA KASEMI

Former Curator / Collaborator

Romeo Kodra, Matilda Odobashi, Sonja Lau, Eni Derhemi, Jiri Gruber, Klaudia Fagu

Imprint

© 2026 Tirana Art Lab
Design: Paul Voggenreiter
Code: Jens Schnitzler

Contact–

M: info@tiranaartlab.org

+355699420969

Opening Hours

By appointment +355699420969

Location

Pallati I Ri, Rruga Isa Boletini, Tiranë

Mailing Address

contact us

To join our newsletter please send an e-mail to:
info@tiranaartlab.org

Space–

Tirana Art Lab Office & Project Space
Address: Pallati I Ri, Rruga Isa Boletini, Tiranë
Coordinates: 8RMC+937, Tiranë
By appointment: + 355699420969

From its beginning in 2010 until 2014 TAL organized different types of events in the cities of Tirana, Shkodra and Pogradec in art spaces and public spaces. From 2014 to 2018 TAL operated from an independent multifunctional space located in the centre of Tirana. Its unique laboratory consisted of an exhibition space, a space for artists in residence and an open public library of contemporary art books.
From 2018 until 2025 TAL did not have a permanent location and organized its activities in different locations.

Find Us

Recent

SECONDARY ARCHIVE OPEN CALL FOR WOMEN ARTISTS 15.09.–15.11.2026

Residency–

Tirana Art Lab hosts an international residency program that is open to artists, curators and theoreticians from all fields of contemporary culture. The residency gives the participants the opportunity to spend a distinct amount of time in Albania, to meet and to collaborate with artists and experts from the region, and leads to the production of a new work informed by the research on site. The duration of the residency depends on the respective project proposal.

At the moment there are no open calls for residents.

Paul Voggenreiter (Germany) ↗

Designer in Residency

October 2018

Gabriele Rendina Cattani (Italy / France)

Artist in Residency

Double Feature #09

March – April 2018

Fabrizio Bellomo (Italy)

Artist in Residency

Double Feature #03

September – October 2015

Leone Contini (Italy) ↗

Artist in Residency

Foreign Body

April – June 2013

Double Feature is an exhibition format introduced by Tirana Art Lab with the aim of systematically displaying in our premises, two artistic positions to the Albanian, the regional and international audience. By exhibiting two artistic positions together, we would like to construct the ground for contextualization of the artists and their works as well as build up a historical narrative necessary for the developments of contemporary art in Albania and the Region. The structure of the event enables us to pair artistic positions with every exhibition differently, making it possible to create mutual connections and references for both the positions. Especially in the Albanian context such exhibition format is needed and can be very successful. The small scale of the project enables us as organizers to engage deeply with the artists, the works and the context as well as enables the public to have a greater accessibility to a small-scale showcase. We primarily aim in conceptualizing; curating and delivering exhibitions with a high artistic quality and relevance as well as to motivate and create a space for discussion starting for the discourses initiated by the art works. Double Feature is a series of exhibition that will bring together national and international positions; positions from different disciplines; positions belonging to different generations. The creation of a dialogue between the two positions in relation with the history of art will be ensured by detailed exhibition text, artist talks, documentation through publication, interviews, photo documentation, video material etc.

Performative Exhibition is a new format initiated by Tirana Art Lab – Center for Contemporary Art with the intention to disclose exhibiting and to make public through performativity not only the process of artistic creation and curating, but also find ways to include in the exhibiting process and the means of production behind and beyond the event itself. The concept of “Performative Exhibition” aims to find new ways of exhibiting and curating which break with the temporary / unique features of the contemporary exhibition and propose enduring ways of working together.

The program is eager to tackle new hybrid formats of contemporary music and visuals arts by means of new audio-visual productions, concerts, talks and screenings.

"Curating with Care" is an alternative educational program initiated and developed by Tirana Art Lab - Center for Contemporary Art. The first edition of the program is promoted and supported by Istituto Italiano di Cultura in Tirana and curtated in partnership with Spazio Taverna Rome.

The program was created as a response to the need for additional educational opportunities for young local culture workers in the field of exhibition making from a local perspective.

"Curating with Care" is a program that reflects on curating, taking into consideration the developments and conditions of art production in Albania and the Southeastern Europe region. Its primary goal is to offer knowledge and practical information to culture workers, equipping them to challenge and bring new perspectives to the local and international art scene. Additionally, the program aims to create a connection with international discourses about contemporary curatorial practices, particularly new strategies and modes of curating that aim to offer meaningful, sustainable, and relevant approaches in curatorial practices.

SECONDARY ARCHIVE OPEN CALL FOR WOMEN ARTISTS 15.09.–15.11.2026

Embodied Memory Nikolin Bujari, Orestia Kapidani, Erald Nezaj, Ferdinand Paci, Remijon Pronja, Nurhan Qehaja, Anila Rubiku 11.–18.12.2025

Milestones Mariana Kostandini 28.11.–30.12.2025

TAL POP-UP Between Shores Muhamet Spahiu 21.–30.11.2025

Workshop on Art Writing Call for Participants 21.–23.10.2025

Curating With Care II Participants 13.09.–30.11.2025

Performative Exhibition #5 - Lyhnida – The Lake of Light Bora Baboçi, Adela Demetja, Genc Kadriu, Denisa Kasa, Anastas Kostandini, Ledia Kostandini, Mariana Kostandini, Fabio Toska, Ilir Tsouko 26.07.–05.08.2025

Curating with care II - Alternative Educational Program Call for Participants 22.06.–31.07.2025

REVIVAL Exhibition Diana & Fatmir Miziri 04.–29.06.2025

Expansion of the Secondary Archive 11 artists from Albania 08.–09.03.2025

The archives of three pioneering Albanian women artists Lumturi Blloshmi, Diana Miziri, Liljana Çefa 01.12.2024 – 01.02.2025

Performative Exhibition #4 - Written Cave Enza Rripaj, Abi Shehu, Vasil Tole, Alexander Walmsley 19.10.–03.11.2024

SECONDARY ARCHIVE OPEN CALL FOR WOMEN ARTISTS 05.09.–17.10.2024

Inauguration Terminal for Tirana Karolina Halatek 18.03.2024

Terminal for Tirana Installation in Public Space Karolina Halatek 01.03.–30.04.2024

Publication Curating with Care 01.–27.02.2024

VAZHDË Anastas Kostandini, Ledia Kostandini, Mariana Kostandini, Theo Napoloni, Anxhela Pipero, Merita Selimi, Kairo Urovi, Agrina Vllasaliu 30.11.–14.12.2023

Curating with Care Alternative Educational Program September - December 2023 13.–19.11.2023

Public Presentation Spazio Taverna: A space to built the future Ludovico Pratesi 10.11.2023

Public Presentation Vessel: Instituting as a Social Practice Across Geographies Anna Santomauro 29.09.2023

Tirana Floating Tours Application launch 29.04.–14.05.2023

Curating with Care - Alternative Educational Program Call for Participants 21.04.–19.06.2023

Launching Secondary Archive - Albania / Kosovo / Serbia / Visegrad Countries 27.–28.10.2022

SECONDARY ARCHIVE OPEN CALL for women artists from Albania 01.08.–01.09.2022

Performative Exhibition #3 Collective Contours Ecumene 16.07.–14.08.2022

Matter, Non-Matter, Anti-Matter Artists in Residency & Immaterial Display Huniti Goldox, Olson Lamaj, Valentina Peri 25.06.–28.08.2022

Albanian Pavilion at La Biennale di Venezia from scratch Lumturi Blloshmi 23.04.2022 – 27.11.2023

Presentation and Conversation Beyond Matter Artists in Residency duo HUNITI GOLDOX 15.–16.04.2022

Art Within Political Struggles. Solidary Artistic Practice at the Periphery: Tirana, Skopje Demetja, Vaseva, Rädle, Bonizzi 19.–31.12.2021

Tirana Floating Archive Website Launching 19.–20.11.2021

Exhibition Artists in Residency Beyond Matter Donika Çina, Hanna Hildebrand, Alexander Walmsley 04.–20.11.2021

Tirana Time Capsule #2 Virtual Experience Alex Walmsley 01.09.–01.11.2021

Missing Stories Exhibition in Tirana 07.–20.08.2021

ARTIST IN RESIDENCY BEYOND MATTER - Second Round 01.–31.07.2021

Beyond Matter Workshop With Alex Walmsley Call for participants 07.–10.06.2021

BEYOND MATTER RESIDENCIES Call for Artist in Residency - Second Round 30.01.–30.04.2021

ARTISTS IN RESIDENCE BEYOND MATTER - First Round 01.09.2020 – 30.06.2021

BEYOND MATTER RESIDENCIES Call for artists 01.03.–30.04.2020

Missing Stories 20.02.–30.11.2020

BEYOND MATTER CULTURAL HERITAGE ON THE VERGE OF VIRTUAL REALITY 01.11.2019 – 01.11.2023

Performative Exhibition #2 Komuna e Parisit Revisited
 Rena Rädle & Vladan Jeremić 05.–12.10.2019

Double Feature #10 Jora Vaso & Theo Napoloni 29.09.–30.10.2018

Performative Exhibition #01 Center of Integration 24.–29.07.2018

Double Feature #09 Gabriele Rendina Cattani & Ilir Lluka 21.04.–02.06.2018

Double Feature #08 Marina Naprushkina & Ergin Zaloshnja 15.11.–30.12.2017

Double Feature #07 Donika Çina & Hanna Hildebrand 30.09.–04.11.2017

Double Feature #06 Sokol Peçi & Slobodan Stošić 29.04.–03.06.2017

Heroes We Love (End of Project) 04.03.–01.04.2017

Double Feature #05 Çeta Georgia Kotretsos, Pleurad Xhafa 03.12.2016 – 28.01.2017

Downside Up Arbër Elezi, Lori Lako, Igli Marion 28.09.–29.10.2016

TAL @ Vienna Contemporary Focus: Ex-Yugoslavia and Albania Lumturi Blloshmi, Aurora Kalemi, Alketa Ramaj 22.–25.09.2016

Double Feature #04 Nikolin Bujari & Nada Prlja 07.05.–04.06.2016

The Art of the Socialist Period between Contempt, Fetishism and Transition International Conference 29.–30.04.2016

Inside Out Fatlum Doçi, Aurora Kalemi, Mirjana Meçaj 05.03.–03.04.2016

Double Feature #03 Elton Baxhaku & Fabrizio Bellomo 29.10.–30.11.2015

Smoke. Biomechanics of Power Nico Angiuli 30.05.–05.07.2015

Double Feature #02 Alma Bakiaj & Viola Bittl 28.03.–02.05.2015

Heroes We Love Collaboration Project 01.01.2015 – 01.06.2017

Music/Arts #5 Continuum Antez 20.12.2014

Double Feature #01 Nemanja Cvijanović & Ibro Hasanović 13.12.2014 – 18.01.2015

Let Us Start In The Middle Effi & Amir 05.–21.09.2014

Music/Arts #4 Metamorphic Narratives Ilir Lluka 08.08.2014

100 km Art Tirana/Shkodra 23.09.2013

Foreign Body Leone Contini 15.–23.06.2013

Balkans Beyond Borders 2012 20.–22.09.2012

Who is afraid of the big, bad crisis? 12.–20.05.2012

Graphic, Novel Sketching W. G. Sebald in Pristina 11.–17.05.2012

Music/Arts #3 Tirana Trash Attila the Stockbroker 05.05.–05.06.2012

Music/Arts #2 Style as weapon 15.–17.12.2011

Music/Arts #1 Let’s Meet by the River Nertila Seferaj, Martin Fuchs, Tobias Donat 11.–12.10.2011

Pipifax – Through the Looking Glass and what we found there Haus am Gern 03.–12.06.2011

Monument Ginger Society Tirana Klara Schilliger & Valerian Maly 16.04.–31.05.2011

Albania–Germany: A Photographic Journey II 08.10.–28.06.2010

Albania – Germany: A Photographic Journey I 13.08.–05.09.2010

Squat The City 21.–23.05.2010

The archives of three pioneering Albanian women artists Lumturi Blloshmi, Diana Miziri, Liljana Çefa 01.12.2024 – 01.02.2025

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The archives of three pioneering Albanian women artists
Lumturi Blloshmi, Diana Miziri, Liljana Çefa

the course of 2024 Tirana Art Lab, in collaboration with Instituto Susch, has been working on documenting and digitizing the archives of three pioneering Albanian women artists: Lumturi Blloshmi (1944–2020), Diana Miziri (1951–2005), and Liliana Çefa (b. 1940). This initiative highlights their invaluable contributions to the albanian and regional art history, ensuring their rightful place in the broader narrative of contemporary art.

Continuing its activities since its launch in 2016, Instituto Susch began executing a long-term research programme in January 2023. The program is based on elaboration of the oeuvre of women artists from Central & Eastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. The principal subject of the research will be the works of women artists from the 1960s, 70s and 80s. To provide a historical context, the research will also extend to earlier decades, with particular attention to the avant-garde of the 1920s and 30s. A result of the research will be a book to be published by the Instituto Susch, planned for the end of 2027.

Lumturi Blloshmi (1944 – 2020), affectionately known as Lume, is now recognized as one of Albania's most important artists. However, her journey was an odyssey of personal hardship and defiance against a repressive regime. Losing her hearing at a young age was merely the opening act in a life marked by resilience.
Born into an ostracized noble family targeted by the communist regime, Lume’s persecution began with the execution of her father when she was just two months old. Lume honed her skills at the prestigious Jordan Misja Artistic High School (from 1959–1963) and graduated with a degree in painting from the Academy of Arts in Tirana (1968). Despite her education, the government assigned Lume a mundane job as an offset printing worker after graduation.
Like many artists of her generation, Lumturi Blloshmi adhered to the constraints of socialist realism until the late 1980s. The 1990s marked a turning point as Lume emerged as a leading contemporary artist. Moving beyond socialist realism, she embraced diverse media such as installation, photography, and performance.
Lume dedicated her life fully to her art, famously declaring ‘I married my art!’ She remained unmarried and childless, prioritising her creative pursuits. Recognising the importance of her legacy, she entrusted her artistic estate to her nephew, fellow art graduate Ervin Blloshmi. Curator Adela Demetja, who collaborated closely with Lume from 2016 onwards, continues to champion Blloshmi's work through exhibitions and research, ensuring her art and story inspire future generations. Her participation in the 59th Venice Biennale in 2022, curated by Adela Demetja, marked a significant posthumous recognition of her contributions to contemporary art. Despite the numerous obstacles she faced, Lume remained a resilient and nonconformist artist, deeply connected to the rich tapestry of Balkan traditions and the socio-political shifts in Albania. Her legacy is cemented in the annals of Albanian art history, celebrated for her intellectual clarity, creative vigour and the transformative impact of her work.

Diana Miziri (1951 - 2005) pursued her studies at the Academy of Arts in Tirana in the Textile Department, graduating in 1973. After graduating from the Academy of Arts, Miziri worked at the design bureau of the Carpet Factory in Kavajë as a rug designer for export. In 1973, she moved to Tirana, where she became a drawing teacher.
With the changes that occurred in 1990 her artistic practice blossomed with energy and productivity. In the 90s, Diana returned to the pictorial approach. This emerged from an intuitive process, and she poured it solely into her textile pieces.
Diana’s textile works created in the early 90s document the new found freedom of expression, reflected in compositions that tend toward free geometrical and organic abstraction. The interplay between materials and colours, as well as breaking away from repetitive pattern weaving, set the tone for these works. Her approach, although intuitive, played a decisive role in elevating her practice, and weaving more generally, to works of art.
During the post-communist transitional years, there were significant shortages of materials and means for producing textile works. As a result, Diana often used spare materials from the textile industry, remnants from the communist era, and combined them with leftover materials from imported products, such as coffee and rice sacks, as well as various cotton, wool, and linen threads. Most of her works were produced in her home, which was adapted to function as a studio.
In 1992 Diana was among the first Albanian fashion designers. In 1994 she became a member of the Linda association of women artists, and participated in many exhibitions and workshops organized by the association, which stimulated her to transform her practice further. She began exploring new techniques, producing installation works that incorporated textiles with adhesive techniques on glass and creating silhouettes on film negatives, which were projected on walls. She also experimented with intertwining textiles with metal structures, although some of these projects remained incomplete and unexhibited. From 1998, she taught drawing and painting at the Jordan Misja Art Lyceum, until her death in 2005.

Liljana Çefa (b. 1940, Tirana) currently lives and works in Shkodër. Her passion for art was nurtured by her father, her primary school teachers, and her uncle Loro Kovaçi, who encouraged her to pursue art seriously. This support led her to the Artistic Lyceum in Tirana, where she studied under noted teachers such as Kel Kodheli, Vilson Kilica and Abdurrahim Buza.
She was the first woman to enroll in the painting department of Albania’s Higher Institute of Arts, from which she graduated in 1966. After graduation, she returned to Shkodër, where she met her future husband. His support allowed her to fully devote herself to her art. Upon retiring at age 50, Çefa dedicated even more time to painting, teaching children’s classes, and working in her home studio. She chose to retain her maiden name, Çefa, in honour of her father’s wish for the family name to continue.
Most of her significant works were created before 1990, shaped by Socialist Realist themes that were largely dictated by the ideology of the time. However, within these constraints, she maintained her unique perspective, focusing on female figures as her main subjects, whether they represented mothers, fighters, or workers. These characters were part of compositions addressing themes required by the League of Artists and Writers, and her works were exhibited in group shows, mainly in Tirana, with some becoming part of the state collection. Despite state-dictated themes, her primary inspiration has always been children, followed later by nature. Portraits of children dominate her pre-1990s works, where she found subjects in her own children, their friends, and cousins. Painting and drawing have been lifelong pursuits for Çefa, beginning with oil colours on board and canvas, and later transitioning to coloured pencils on paper, a medium she found easier to manage due to an eye condition she has had since childhood.
Several works by Çefa are part of the collection of the National Gallery of Arts in Tirana.

This research is supported by Muzeum Susch, founded by Grażyna Kulczyk, serves as a dynamic platform for discussion and exploration, with a focus on amplifying the voices of underrepresented female artists. By reinterpreting the artistic canon, the museum seeks to honor marginalized perspectives, transforming them into powerful voices that inspire and inform. As part of its broader mission, Instituto Susch launched a long-term research program in January 2023, examining the works of women artists from Central and Eastern Europe, particularly from the 1960s, 70s, and 80s.